Orthodontic forced eruption: Possible effects on maxillary canines and adjacent teeth Part 3: Dentoalveolar ankylosis, replacement resorption, calcific metamorphosis of the pulp and aseptic pulp necrosis

Canine forced eruption comprises one among a number of procedures that can be used in orthodontic treatment to ensure that cuspids are positioned in the dental arch in normal esthetic and functional conditions. Canine forced eruption should be characterized as an orthodontic movement. Unfortunately, in discussions of clinical orthodontic practice some professionals are reluctant to indicate orthodontic forced eruption, especially of maxillary canines. These professionals believe that orthodontic forced eruption can cause many clinical problems during and after surgery. Among the most widely cited reasons for restricting the indication of orthodontic forced eruption are: 1) Lateral root resorption in lateral incisors and premolars. 2) External cervical resorption of canines due to forced eruption. 3) Dentoalveolar ankylosis of the canine involved in the process. 4) Calcific metamorphosis of the pulp and aseptic pulp necrosis. In two previous works, we reviewed the first two topics. In this last article in the series we address the biological foundation of dentoalveolar ankylosis, replacement resorption, calcific metamorphosis of the pulp and aseptic necrosis cases either directly or indirectly related to the orthodontic forced eruption of canines.